Textbook: Vollhardt 6th Ed. (2010)

The only differences among these compounds is the substitution of the alpha carbon (methly, 1º, 2º, or 3º).

This is an S_N2 reaction. We know this because NaI is an S_N2 reagent- charges give it away; when we see charges (Na⁺ is positive and I^- is negative) it's probably an S_N2 reaction. So we want reactants that are less substituted: methyl is more reactive than 1º, which is more reactive than 2º, etc. So methyl bromide reacts the fastest with NaI.

The delta (Δ) in the reaciton arrows means that heat is being added to this reaction, which tends to favor elimination over substitution. Also, the reaction is using a non-nucleophilic acid (H₂SO₄), which tends to favor elimination reactions (H₃PO₄ is another common reagent for E1 reactions, while HCl or HBr tend to go S_N1).

Because this reaction is taking place in acid, a carbocation is likely to form, so this is an E1 reaction. Since water is lost over the course of the reaction, this is a dehydration, which is a type of elimination reaction.

The only differences among these three molecules is their leaving groups, so whichever has the best leaving group will react fastest with the nucleophile (azide, N₃^-). Stable molecules make good leaving groups, so the best leaving group of the three is SO₃R^-, which has has three resonance forms (see problem 535). So the third compound will react the fastest with NaN₃.

This problem is similar to problem 536. The only difference among these compound is their leaving group, so the compound with the best leaving group will undergo substitution reactions most rapidly.

Good leaving groups are stable. Larger ions tend to be more stable than smaller atoms (due to a smaller charge:size ratio. See problem 288), so when going down the periodic table, stability increases. I^- is more stable than Br^-, which is more stable than Cl^-, etc. So I^- is the best leaving group, and 2-iodobutane will react the fastest with a nucleophile.

Predicting S_N1/S_N2/E1/E2 competition reactions tends to drive students crazy, but it's not so bad once you notice the general pattern:

• basic conditions (positive and negative charges) tend to go S_N2 or E2 (no carbocation)
• neutral or acidic conditions tend to go S_N1 or E1 (carbocation is formed).

That's how you determine a SN1/E1 reaction from an SN2/E2 reaction. But how to decide between substitution or elimination? General things to watch for are bulk, nucleophilicity, and heat:

• If you see heat (or Δ), the reaction will go elimination.
• If you see a big, bulky compound, the reaction will go elmination.
• If you see a strong base, the reaction will go elimination. Strong base is anything stronger than RO^-.

The exception: if everything is primary, it will probably go S_N2.

These rules probably seem confusing, so let's go through these eight examples and see how they apply.

a) NaCN is charged! (Na⁺ and CN^-), so it's S_N2 or E2. CN is not a strong base, so it's S_N2.

b) KOtBu (potassium tert-butoxide) is charged, so it's S_N2 or E2. ^-OtBu is a strong base, so if anything is more bulky than 1º it will go E2. ^-OtBu is 3º, so it will definitely go E2 (KOtBu is a classic E2 reagent).

c) NaOMe is charged so E2 or S_N2. NaOMe is a strong base, so if anything >1º it will go E2. ^-OMe is 1º (actually, not even 1º), but the alkyl halide is 2º, so it will go E2.

d) NaOMe is charged so E2 or S_N2. NaOMe is a strong base, so if anything >1º it will go E2. But in this case there is no bulk whatsoever- nothing is >1º! NaOMe is 1 and the alkyl halide is also 1º, so it will go S_N2.

e) Methanol (MeOH) is neutral so probably E1 or S_N1. Methanol is a weak base and there's no bulk, so S_N1. In general water and alcohol do a mixture of S_N1 and E1 with alkyl halides (mostly S_N1).

f) H₂SO₄ is acidic so probably E1 or S_N1. Can't be S_N1 though because there is no nucleophile in H₂SO₄. (HSO₄^- is a very weak nucleophile). An alcohol with H₂SO₄ or H₃PO₄ is a dehydration reaction- E1.

g) H₂SO₄ is acidic so probably E1 or S_N1. In this case we have a nucleophile- Cl^-, so it will go S_N1.

h) Amines are neutral but they don't so S_N1/E1- they tend to go S_N2/E2, because they are basic (an amine solution has a basic pH). This amine is really bulky so it will go E2.